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1.
Salud pública Méx ; 56(4): 317-322, jul.-ago. 2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-733310

ABSTRACT

Objective. To describe risk factors associated to the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Mexican population and to define phenotypic (clinical, anthropometric, metabolic) characteristics present in the individual who will convert to diabetes, regardless of time of onset. Materials and methods. The Mexico City Diabetes Study began in 1990, with 2 282 participants, and had three subsequent phases: 1994, 1998, and 2008. A systematic evaluation with an oral glucose tolerance test was performed in each phase. For diagnosis of T2D, American Diabetes Association criteria were used. Results. The population at risk was 1939 individuals. Subjects who were in the converter stage (initially non diabetic that eventually converted to T2D) had, at baseline, higher BMI (30 vs 27), systolic blood pressure (119 vs 116 mmHg), fasting glucose (90 vs 82mg/dl), triglycerides (239 vs 196mg/dl), and cholesterol (192 vs 190mg/dl), compared with subjects who remained non converters (p<0.05). Conclusion. The phenotype described represents a potentially identifiable phase and a target for preventive intervention.


Objetivo. Describir los factores de riesgo asociados con la incidencia de diabetes tipo 2 (T2D) en la población mexicana, así como el fenotipo de los sujetos que desarrollarán diabetes, independientemente del tiempo que lleve el desarrollo de esta nueva condición. Material y métodos. El Estudio de la Diabetes de la Ciudad de México inició en 1990 y tuvo un total de 2 282 participantes a los que se dio seguimiento en tres ocasiones: 1994, 1998 y 2008. Se realizó una curva de tolerancia a la glucosa para diagnosticar T2D, para lo cual se siguieron los criterios de la Asociación Americana de Diabetes. Resultados. La población en riesgo fue de 1939 sujetos. Los individuos en proceso de desarrollo (aquellos inicialmente no diabéticos que desarrollaron T2D) mostraron niveles más altos de IMC (30 vs 27), presión arterial sistólica (119 vs 116 mmHg), glucosa en ayuno (90 vs 82 mg/dl), triglicéridos (239 vs 196 mg/dl) y colesterol (192 vs 190 mg/dl), comparados con los sujetos que no desarrollaron T2D (p<0.05). Conclusiones. El estado de los individuos que se convertirán en diabéticos es discernible y representa una fase del padecimiento con potencial para la prevención.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Infusion Pumps, Implantable , Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy , Liver Neoplasms/secondary , Drug Administration Schedule , Epirubicin/administration & dosage , Floxuridine/administration & dosage , Fluorouracil/administration & dosage , Hepatic Artery , Infusions, Intra-Arterial , Medroxyprogesterone/administration & dosage
2.
Salud pública Méx ; 56(1): 11-17, ene.-feb. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-711288

ABSTRACT

Objective. To estimate the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Mexican population. Materials and methods. Population based prospective study. At baseline (1990), the population at risk (1939 non-diabetic adults 35-64 years) was evaluated with oral glucose tolerance test. Subsequent similar evaluations were done (1994, 1998, 2008). American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria were applied. Results. The period of observation was 27842 person-years, the cumulative incidence of T2D was 14.4 and 13.7 per 1000 person-years for men and women, respectively. Incidence was 15.8, 15.7 and 12.7 per 1 000 person-years for the second (1994), third (1998) and fourth (2008) follow-up phases, respectively. The mean age at diagnosis was 44 years for prevalent cases and 56 years for incident cases. Conclusions. This is the first estimate of long-term incidence of T2D in Mexican population. The incidence is among the highest reported worldwide. It remained with few changes throughout the study period.


Objetivo. Estimar la incidencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (T2D) en México. Material y métodos. Estudio prospectivo, de base poblacional. En el examen basal (1990) se evaluó a 1939 participantes normoglucémicos, con curva de tolerancia a la glucosa. Se realizó examen similar en tres evaluaciones subsecuentes (1994, 1998, 2008). Se aplicaron criterios recomendados por la American Diabetes Association. Resultados. En el tiempo de observación (27842 años persona), la incidencia acumulada de T2D fue de 14.4 y 13.7 por 1000 años persona en hombres y mujeres, respectivamente. En evaluaciones intermedias de (1994, 1998 y 2008) fue de 15.8, 15.7 y 12.7 por 1 000 años persona, respectivamente. Los casos prevalentes tuvieron edad promedio al diagnóstico de 44 años; los incidentes de 56 años. Conclusiones. Esta es la primera estimación a largo plazo de la incidencia de T2D en población mexicana. Los resultados se encuentran entre los más altos informados en el mundo.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , /epidemiology , Follow-Up Studies , Incidence , Mexico/epidemiology , Poverty , Prospective Studies , Time Factors , Urban Health
3.
Salud pública Méx ; 55(6): 557-563, nov.-dic. 2013. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-705992

ABSTRACT

Objective. To determine prevalence of hyperuricemia and its relation with intake of sweetened beverages (SB) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in low income urban Mexican population. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional analysis of The Mexico City Diabetes Study, a prospective population-based investigation (1 173 participants) was performed. We used logistic regression, adjusted by pertinent variables. We determined prevalence of hyperuricemia and explored associations of uric acid levels with MS and intake of SB. Results. Prevalence of hyperuricemia was 26.5 and 19.8% in males and females respectively. In an adjusted multivariate model, body mass index, waist circumference, and triglyceride were higher as uric acid quartiles increased (p<0.005-0.001). The odds ratio for MS was 1.48 for 3rd uric acid quartile and 2.03 for 4th quartile. Higher consumption of SB was associated with higher uric acid levels (p<0.001). Conclusion. Prevalence of hyperuricemia is high. Potential association with intake of SB, resulting in metabolic alterations should be considered.


Objetivo. Determinar prevalencia de hiperuricemia en población mexicana urbana de bajos ingresos, relación con ingesta de bebidas endulzadas y síndrome metabólico. Material y métodos. Análisis transversal del Estudio de la Diabetes en la Ciudad de México (1 173 participantes), utilizando regresión logística, ajustada por variables pertinentes. Se determinó prevalencia de hiperuricemia, se exploraron asociaciones de niveles de ácido úrico con síndrome metabólico y bebidas endulzadas. Resultados. La prevalencia de hiperuricemia fue 26.5 y 19.8%, hombres y mujeres, respectivamente. El índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura y triglicéridos fueron más altos con cada cuartil de ácido úrico (p<0.005 - 0.001). La razón de momios para síndrome metabólico fue 1.48 para el tercer cuartil y 2.03 para el cuarto. Se encontró mayor consumo de bebidas endulzadas a mayores niveles de acido úrico (p<0.001). Conclusión. La prevalencia de hiperuricemia es alta. La asociación con bebidas endulzadas y las alteraciones metabólicas resultantes deben considerarse.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Beverages , Hyperuricemia/epidemiology , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Sweetening Agents , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Mexico/epidemiology , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Urban Health
4.
Salud pública Méx ; 52(supl.1): S36-S43, 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-549140

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Examine clinical indicators to evaluate diabetes care in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Diabetics (self reported, with therapy) were examined with standardized questionnaires, anthropometry, glucose, lipids and glycohemoglobin. Data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: There were 2 644 patients, 677 cases without access to medical care (73 percent women), most lived in rural communities and spoke aboriginal dialect. Prevalence of obesity for private access group was 21.2 percent, for other or non access group was between 31 and 65 percent. The group without or basic education was most common, 76 percent of the cases had HDL <40 mg/dl and 36 percent had hypertriglyceridemia. Only 6.6 percent of patients had HbA1c <7 percent. There was no significant difference between HbA1c values observed in the group with or without access. Most patients were treated with oral agents. A significant group was without therapy. Assessments for complications was infrequent. CONCLUSIONS: Current model for diabetes care in Mexico is inefficacious and a paradigm change is necessary.


OBJETIVO: Examinar indicadores para evaluar la atención de diabetes en México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se examinaron diabéticos (autorreportados, con tratamiento) con cuestionario estandarizado, antropometría, glucosa, lípidos y hemoglobina glucosilada. Los datos se analizaron estadísticamente. RESULTADOS: De 2 644 casos, 677 no tenían acceso a atención médica (73 por ciento mujeres), la mayoría eran de comunidades rurales y hablaban un dialecto indígena. La prevalencia de obesidad en el grupo con acceso privado fue 21,2 por ciento; en personas con otro o sin acceso, fue entre 31 y 65 por ciento. El grupo sin o con educación básica fue el más común. El 76 por ciento de los casos tenían colesterol HDL <40 mg/dl y 36 por ciento tenía hipertrigliceridemia. Sólo 6.6 por ciento tenían la HbA1c <7 por ciento. No hubo diferencias entre valores de HbA1c en el grupo con o sin acceso. La mayoría recibían hipoglucemiantes orales, muchos sin tratamiento. La evaluación de complicaciones fue infrecuente. CONCLUSIONES: El modelo de atención de diabetes en México es ineficaz y es preciso cambiar de paradigma.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , /therapy , Health Services Accessibility , Health Surveys , Nutrition Surveys , Anthropometry , /blood , /epidemiology , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis , Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology , Medically Underserved Area , Mexico/epidemiology , Obesity/epidemiology , Prevalence , Surveys and Questionnaires , Treatment Outcome , Young Adult
6.
Salud pública Méx ; 51(6): 458-464, nov.-dic. 2009. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-556030

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) in a low-income Mexican population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 1 696 men and women aged 35 to 64 years from a longitudinal study were included. All subjects were free of MI at baseline. Incident MI was diagnosed during follow-up by electrocardiogram or by death certificate. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the risk of MI. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 6.2 years. Sixty-two of the participants developed MI. Age-adjusted incidence of MI was 6.6 in men and 4.8 in women per 1 000 person-years. The risk of developing MI was associated diabetes (OR= 2.42, p= 0.003), systolic blood pressure (OR= 1.28 per10 mm Hg, p= 0.013) and serum cholesterol (OR= 1.36 per 50 mg/dL, p= 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of MI in this population may be explained by the rising prevalence of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. It is necessary to implement preventive measures to address those risk factors.


OBJETIVO: Estimar la incidencia de infarto al miocardio (IM) en población mexicana de nivel socioeconómico bajo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS.. Estudio longitudinal de 1696 hombres y mujeres de 35 a 64 años de edad y sin IM basal. IM fue definido por electrocardiograma o certificado de defunción. El riesgo de IM se evaluó con regresión logística múltiple. RESULTADOS: Durante el seguimiento (mediana de 6.2 años) 62 participantes desarrollaron IM o murieron por éste. La incidencia de IM ajustada por edad en hombres y mujeres fue de 6.6 y 4.8 por 1000 años-persona, respectivamente. El riesgo de IM estuvo asociado con diabetes (RM=2.42, p= 0.003), presión arterial sistólica (RM= 1.28 por cada 10 mm Hg, p= 0.013) y colesterol total (RM= 1.36 por cada 50 mg/dL, p=0.038). CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia de IM en esta población, puede ser debida a la alta prevalencia de diabetes y colesterol elevado. Es necesario tomar medidas preventivas para disminuir estos factores de riesgo.

7.
Salud pública Méx ; 51(4): 298-305, jul.-ago. 2009. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-521568

ABSTRACT

Objective. To compare the predicted risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and incident myocardial infarction (MI) using Framingham score equations with the observed rate of MI in Mexican subjects. Material and Methods. Longitudinal study that included 1 667 men and women aged 35 to 64 years without MI at baseline. Incident MI was defined by electrocardiogram or death certificate. The predicted risk of fatal MI, non-fatal MI, and both was calculated using Framingham score equations. Predicted to observed risk ratio of MI was estimated. Results. There were 34 incident MI cases and 24 MI deaths (median follow-up 6.2 years). The score equations overestimated the prediction of incident MI and CHD death (ratio 2.27, 95% CI, 1.19-3.34) and incident MI (ratio 2.36, 95% CI, 1.07-3.65) in men. Conclusions. The Framingham score overestimated incident MI and CHD death risk in men; however, other studies are needed to confirm our results for recalibrating the score for Mexican subjects.


Objetivo. Comparar el riesgo predicho y observado de enfermedad coronaria (EC) e infarto al miocardio (IM) usando ecuaciones del puntaje de Framingham en individuos mexicanos. Material y métodos. Estudio longitudinal de 1 667 hombres y mujeres de entre 35 a 64 años de edad y sin IM en la medición basal. IM se definió por electrocardiograma o certificado de defunción. Se estimó el riesgo predicho y la razón del riesgo predicho y observado de IM. Resultados. Durante el seguimiento (mediana de 6.2 años) hubo 34 casos y 24 defunciones por IM. El puntaje sobreestimó la predicciónde IM y muerte por EC (razón 2.27, IC 95% 1.19-3.34) e IM incidente (razón 2.36, IC 95% 1.07-3.65) en hombres. Conclusiones. En este estudio, el puntaje de Framingham sobreestimó el riesgo de IM y muerte por IM en hombres; sin embargo, estos resultados necesitan ser confirmados por otros estudios, para la posterior recalibración del puntaje en población mexicana.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Coronary Disease/epidemiology , Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology , Poverty , Risk Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Algorithms , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol/blood , Cohort Studies , Comorbidity , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Hypertension/epidemiology , Incidence , Mexico/epidemiology , Prognosis , Surveys and Questionnaires , Risk , Smoking/epidemiology
8.
Salud pública Méx ; 49(supl.3): s348-s360, 2007. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-459383

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Examinar la distribución y variables relacionadas con las concentraciones de proteína C reactiva (CRP) en adultos mexicanos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estudió a 2 194 adultos que participaron en la ENSA 2000. La concentración de CRP en suero se midió por un método de alta sensibilidad. Se obtuvo información sobre características sociodemográficas, enfermedad crónica y hábitos. Se midieron glucosa en ayuno, presión arterial, peso, talla y circunferencia de cintura. RESULTADOS: Se estudió a 730 hombres y 1 464 mujeres no embarazadas. La edad promedio fue de 38.3±15.2 años. Los límites de CRP se hallaron entre 0.19 y 255 mg/l (mediana: 2.26; rango intercuartil (RI): 0.96, 5.83 mg/l). La concentración de CRP fue mayor en mujeres (mediana: 2.86; RI: 1.11, 6.68 mg/l) en comparación con los hombres (mediana: 1.63; RI: 0.8, 3.87 mg/l; p<0.001). El 31.2 por ciento de los individuos (mujeres, 35.1 por ciento; hombres, 23.3 por ciento) tuvo concentraciones de CRP >3.0-10 mg/l. En el análisis multivariado de regresión probit, la edad, el IMC, la circunferencia de cintura, la diabetes mellitus, la microalbuminuria y el uso de anticonceptivos hormonales se vincularon de forma positiva con el riesgo de concentraciones de CRP >1 mg/l. El sexo masculino y el consumo moderado de alcohol se relacionaron de modo negativo con el riesgo de concentraciones de CRP >3 mg/l (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONES: Existe una alta prevalencia de concentraciones de CRP >3.0-10 mg/l en adultos mexicanos, lo que indica una considerable proporción de individuos con alto riesgo cardiovascular, al margen de otros factores de riesgo.


OBJECTIVE: To examine the distribution and correlates of C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in Mexican adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data was analyzed from 2 194 Mexican adults who participated in the 2000 National Health Survey (ENSA-2000). CRP concentrations were measured with a high-sensitivity assay. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, chronic disease and habits was obtained. Fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, weight, height and waist circumference were measured. RESULTS: A total of 730 men and 1 464 non-pregnant women were studied. Mean age was 38.3±15.2 years. CRP concentrations ranged from 0.19 to 255 mg/L (median: 2.26; interquartile range (FIR): 0.96, 5.83 mg/L). CRP concentrations were higher in women (median: 2.86; IR: 1.11, 6.68 mg/L) than men (median: 1.63; IR: 0.8, 3.87 mg/L; p<0.001). Thirty-one percent of individuals (35.1 percent women, 23.3 percent men) had CRP concentrations >3.0-10 mg/L. Multivariate probit regression analysis showed that age, BMI, waist circumference, diabetes, microalbuminuria and use of oral contraceptives were positively associated with CRP concentrations >1 mg/L. Male gender and moderate alcohol consumption were negatively associated with CRP concentrations >3 mg/L (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of CRP concentrations in the range of >3.0-10 mg/l in Mexican adults, indicating a considerable proportion of individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease, independent of other risk factors.

9.
Salud pública Méx ; 48(4): 293-299, jul.-ago. 2006. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-433945

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la relación entre lípidos e insulina en adolescentes. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal en 350 adolescentes de 14 a 19 años de preparatoria pública en Guadalajara, Jal., México. La insulina se midió por inmunoensayo enzimático de micropartícula, el colesterol total y triglicéridos por pruebas enzimáticas estándares, y las lipoproteínas de baja y alta densidad por métodos de precipitación. Se utilizó análisis de regresión lineal multivariada. RESULTADOS: Los triglicéridos se asociaron en forma positiva con insulina (b= 0.003, p= 0.0001) y la lipoproteína de alta densidad se asoció en forma negativa con insulina en varones de 18-19 años de edad (b= -0.03, p= 0.012). CONCLUSIONES: En los adolescentes, los triglicéridos y las lipoproteínas de alta densidad están asociados con la insulinemia.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Insulin/blood , Obesity/blood , Obesity/epidemiology , Triglycerides/blood , Cross-Sectional Studies
10.
Rev. invest. clín ; 51(3): 141-50, mayo-jun. 1999. mapas, tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-258985

ABSTRACT

La retinopatía diabética es de las principales causas de ceguera prevenible en población económicamente activa. La diabetes mellitus afecta frecuentemente a la población mexicana, la retinopatía diabética como complicación microvascular también es frecuente y adquiere formas clínicas más severas cuando se ha comparado con otras poblaciones. No existe ningún estudio de incidencia de esta complicación diabética en nuestro país. En esta investigación, se informa la incidencia y progresión a cuatro años de la retinopatía diabética en una cohorte de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 habitantes de seis colonias de bajos recursos de la ciudad de México. En la fase de seguimiento, a cuatro años se logró examinar a 164 (76.6 por ciento) del total de la población estudiada en fase inicial, 63 hombres y 101 mujeres. A todos se les realizó un examen oftalmológico completo con esterofotografías de fondo de ojo de siete campos. Estas fotografías fueron graduadas con los criterios internacionalmente aceptados en el Centro de Lectura Fotográfica de nuestra institución. Se concluyó que la incidencia a cuatro años de retinopatía diabética, de cualquier grado es de 22.5 por ciento. Se presentó progresión en 20.6 por ciento y 4.5 por ciento alcanzó la etapa de retinopatía diabética proliferativa. La incidencia se asoció a edad menor de 45 años en el momento del diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus y la progresión, a más de 10 años de tiempo de evolución del padecimiento. La incidencia de edema macular a cuatro es de 8.8 por ciento. Es muy importante difundir estos datos para incrementar el nivel de conciencia y desarrollar estrategias de prevención y atención al paciente diabético en nuestro país


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Mexico/epidemiology , Disease Progression , Diabetic Retinopathy/classification , Diabetic Retinopathy/epidemiology , Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology , Cohort Studies , Incidence , Poverty , Social Class
11.
Rev. méd. IMSS ; 36(5): 363-71, sept.-oct. 1998. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-243128

ABSTRACT

Con objeto de estudiar el comportamiento de los perfiles de glucosa e insulina en pacientes con hepatitis crónica por virus C (HCV), se incluyeron once pacientes con edad promedio de 47.5 años e índice de masa corporal de 23.8 por ciento 1.4. Cinco de ellos eran diabéticos. Su diabetes apareció años después de la hepatitis. El grupo control estuvo compuesto por 12 sujetos sanos con edad promedio de 42.8 años e índice de masa corporal de 24.1 ñ 1.2. Los pacientes tuvieron hepatitis crónica con diferentes grados de daño hepático, pero sin cirrosis. Las cifras de glucosa en ayunas fueron 119.9 ñ 43.4 mg/dL para el grupo de pacientes y 91.9 ñ 3.6 mg/dL para el control. Los niveles de insulina de ayunas fueron 28.1 ñ 17 µU/mL para el grupo de pacientes y 12.9 ñ 3.9 µU/mL para el control. Los valores posprandiales de insulina fueron 38.5 ñ 38 µU/mL para el grupo de pacientes y 51.04 ñ 27 µU/mL para el control. Los valores poprandiales de glucosa fueron 146.9 ñ 118 mg/dL para el grupo de pacientes y 104 ñ 15 mg/mL para el control. En cuanto a la glucosa y a la insulina, el grupo de pacientes no mostró diferencias significativas cuando sus valores de ayuno se compararon versus los posprandiales, contrario a lo que sucedió en el control (p < 0.01 y p< 0.005). Se sugiere que en pacientes con HCV se efectúen periódicamente mediciones de glucemia de ayuno y posprandiales para detectar oportunamente alteraciones de hiperglucemia


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Insulin Resistance , Hepatitis C/metabolism , Glucose Intolerance/diagnosis , Hyperglycemia/diagnosis , Hepatitis, Chronic/complications , Hepatitis, Chronic/diagnosis , Hepatitis, Chronic/metabolism , Anthropometry , Glucose/analysis , Insulin/analysis
12.
Arch. med. res ; 28(4): 543-7, dec. 1997. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-225260

ABSTRACT

The authors present the result of a population based survey of cholelititasis carried out in a low income area of Mexico city using high resolution gallbladder ultrasound. The purpose of the study was to estimate the prevalence and selected associated risk factors of cholelithiasis (CL). The population of the studied area was 15,532 subjects, of whom 3,505 (22.6 percent) were eligible for the baseline survey (men and non-pregnant women between 35-64 years of age). Of this group, 1,735 (76.03 percent, 702 men and 1,033 women) were located for a follow-up study. Ultrasonography was performed on all except for 100 subjects who had undergone previous cholecystectomy. Crude prevalence of CL was 14.1 percent (95 percent CI 12.5-15.5). The prevalence was 5.8 percent (95 percent CI 4.1-7.5) in men and 19.7 percent (95 percent CI 17-3-22.1) in women. Presence of gallstones was associated with age, sex (men p<0.006, women p<0.001), and multiparity (p<0.002). Centrality index in men and body mass index in women were positive and significantly associated with CL when compared with subjects without CL. High levels of fasting and post glucose load insulin in women and men respectively were associated with CL. The authors conclude that the population of this study has a high prevalence of CL and confirm some know risk factors such as age, sex, BMI and multiparity. Proper assessment of the magnitude problem and characterization of potentially modifiable risk factors will play a major role in preventing this pathology


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Cholelithiasis , Cholelithiasis/epidemiology , Poverty , Prevalence , Mexico/epidemiology
14.
Arch. med. res ; 28(1): 129-35, mar. 1997. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-225207

ABSTRACT

The most frequent cause of preventable blindness in adults, in the developed world, is diabetic retinopathy (DR). the early treatable phase of this complication is clinically silent. In order to institute effectiv elaser photocoagulation and prevention of blindness, timely detection is crucial. Consequently there is a nedd for periodic funduscopic examinations of all diabetics. Due to the high prevalence of DM in Mexico most of the primary care facilities are limited. We present the results of a DR screening program (DRSP) using a mobile unit equipped with a fundus photography camera, parked outside of a clinic. We report the prevalence of the various stages of DR and clinical characteristics observed in this population as well as our experience working in such an environment. Th estudy period was from september 1 to december 22, 1995. All the diabetics that presented for care to the clinica were identified and all other persons were invited to participate. A total of 231 participants were invited (112 men, 119 women). Non- stereo fundus photos of two retinal fields (macula and optic disk centered) were taken with techique and classification according to international standards. Response rate to the invitation was 95.3 percent. Mean age was 62.4 ñ 13 years and 63.5 ñ 10 years and duration of diabetes was 12.3 ñ 10.1 years and 11.0 ñ 7.5 years for men and women, respectively. DR was detected in 38 percent of the caes, of these only 5.6 percent have received treatment. DR was uncovered in 84.5 percent of the cases and was associated with duration of diabetes (p<0.001 in men and p=0.04 in women) and hyperglycemia (in men p<005, only). DR has a high prevalence in this population and can be detected through a screening program which rveals undiagnosed hig risk DR in an efficient, and standardized manner


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Blindness/etiology , Blindness/prevention & control , Mass Screening , Diabetic Retinopathy/complications , Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis , Risk Factors , Mexico/epidemiology
15.
Rev. méd. IMSS ; 34(3): 241-5, mayo-jun. 1996.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-203009

ABSTRACT

Se analizan los cambios que ocurren en el metabolismo de la glucosa en pacientes con hepatopatías crónicas. La sensibilidad a la insulina está disminuida en los pacientes con cirrosis hepática, incluso antes de que la intolerancia a la glucosa se haga manifiesta. La resistencia a la insulina reside en el músculo y mayormente resulta de un defecto en la síntesis del glucógeno. La diabetes mellitus en los pacientes con cirrosis y resistencia a la insulina es el resultado de un defecto progresivo en la secreción de insulina con el desarrollo de resistencia a la insulina por el hígado, lo que conduce a la hiperglucemia de ayuno.


Subject(s)
Insulin Resistance/physiology , Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology , Liver Diseases/physiopathology , Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic/metabolism , Chronic Disease/therapy , Glycogen/biosynthesis
16.
Arch. med. res ; 27(3): 367-72, 1996. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-200338

ABSTRACT

Among the most serious complications associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) is nephropathy (DN). In Mexico, there is little information on the frequency and clinical characteristics of DN in the Mexican population. We present results of a population-based survey designed to estimate the prevalence of DN. The low income population consisted of 15,532 inhabitants. All 35- to 64-year-old males and non-pregnant women residing in the survey area were identified as eligible for the study (3505; 22.6 percent). A home interview was obtained in 2810 (80.2 percent). A physical exam with oral glucose tolerance test wasobtained in 2282 (81.2 percent of those interviewed). DM was diagnosed in 304 (crude rate 13.3 percent). Mean age for men and women with DM was 51.6 ñ 8.4 and 52.2 ñ 7.5, respectively. Duration of DM in men was 9.2 ñ 8.1 and in women, 7.3 ñ 6.7 years. Hypertension was diagnosed in 19.8 percent of men and 18.1 percent of women. Diabetic retinopathy of any level was found in 55.4 percent of men and 45.7 percent of women. Mean glycohemoglobin in men was 9.6 ñ 2.1 and in women 9.5 ñ 2.2 percent (normal 4 - 8 percent). At baseline, proteinuria (1+ or more, by dipstick) was found in 24.7 percent of men and 9.6 percent of women, microalbuminuria (MA) in 84.4 percent of men and 63.8 percent of women. Quantitative albuminuria was abnormally high in 54.7 percent of men and 40.3 percent or women. In the 203 diabetic studied with 24 h urine collection from creatinine clearance, normal renal function was found in 69.1 percent of men and 47.5 percent of women, reduced renal function was found in 26 percent of men and 50 percent of women, ranl insufficiency was diagnosed in 4.9 percent of men and 1.6 percent of women. One patient was on dialysis and in a subsequent follow up, we found that 2.3 percent of the patients had died of renal failure, six men (46 -63 years) and a woman of 62 years. We concluded that DN is a very serious threat to this population. The high case fatality rate associatd with this condition maintains a low prevalence. It is important to develop a program to diminish the frequency of this condition


Subject(s)
Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Diabetes Mellitus/complications , Health Surveys , Diabetic Nephropathies/epidemiology , Pyuria/urine , Data Interpretation, Statistical
18.
Arch. med. res ; 25(3): 355-60, 1994. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-198820

ABSTRACT

We present the result of a population based study designed to estimate the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in a series of 284 type 2 diabetics residing in low income areas of Mexico city. These patients were identified in a survey performed between february 1990 and october 1992 (The Mexico City Diabetes study). We located 214 (75.35 per cent) of the original 284 patients and invited them to attend a clinic where they were interviewed and had a complete opthalmologic examination. All participant had, in addition to the retinal examination by a certified opthalmologist, seven fields stereo fundus photographs taken with a Topcon 50X retinal camera. Photos were taken using ASA 100 Kodak film and processed in their laboratory. All photographs were read and graded for quality and level of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the Reading Center of the Department of Ophthalmology of the University of Winsconsin. A total of 37 (43.5 per cent) men and 69 (53.5 per cent) women had no evidence of DR. In 16 (18.8 per cent) men and 21 (16.3 per cent) women there was background DR. In 25 (29.4 per cent) men and 30 (23.3 per cent) women there was preproliferative DR. In 5 (5.9 per cent) men and in 7 (5.4 per cent) women there was proliferative DR. Macular edema was diagnosed in 7(8.2 per cent) men and 6 (4.7 per cent) women, of these in 3 (3.5 per cent) men and in 5 (3.9 per cent) women the macular edema was central. There was an association of duration of DM, level of fasting hyuperglycemia and microalbuminuria with the presence of DR. In 5 (7.5 per cent) men and in 7 (10.5 per cent) women with sight threatening DR, the microvascular complication had been previously undiagnosed and untreated. We conclude that DR is very common in Mexican diabetic. This complication is associated with duration of diabetes, chronic poor metabolic control and microalbuminuria. A very significant proportion of cases with sight threatening DR remains undiagnosed and untreated. Consequently there is a significant number of cases developing into blindness that could have been prevented


Subject(s)
Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Blood Glucose/physiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology , Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological , Eye Diseases/etiology , Glucose/adverse effects , Diabetic Retinopathy/epidemiology
19.
Arch. med. res ; 25(3): 347-53, 1994. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-198821

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence and detection of systemic hypertension in a low income urban area of Mexico City. The population of the studied area was 15,532 inhabitants, of whom 3505 (22.6 per cent) were eligible for study (men aged 35 - 64 years and non-pregnant women). Home interviews were obtained on 2810 (80.2 per cent) and physical and laboratory examination was performed on 2282 individuals (941 men, 1341 women, 81.2 per cent of those interviewed and 65.1 per cent of all the eligibles). Blood pressure (BP) was measured using a randomzero sphygmomanometer (Hawksley, London). Three measurements were made on the right arm after a 5 min rest, with the patient seated. The average of the last two determinations was taken as the patient's BP. High blood pressure (HBP) was defined as systolic BP > or = 160 and/or diastolic BP > or = 95 mmHg, or if the patinet was taking antihypertensive therapy regardless of the blood pressure value. A total of 216 subjects (77 men, 139 women) met criteria for HBP. In the 35.44 age group, prevalence for men was 4.16 per cent and for women 3.06 per cent. In the 44 - 55 age groups the prevalence for men was 7.81 per cent and for women 12.55 per cent. In the 55 - 64 year group the prevalence for men was 16.51 per cent and for women 22.2 per cent. Obesity was associated with HBP (body mass index in men with HBP was 28.9 kg/m² vs. without 26.9 kg/m², p < 0.001; women with HBP, 30.8 kg/m² vs. without 28.5 kg/m², p < 0.001. Fat distribution was upper body in patients with HBP (waist/hip circumferences in men with HBP (body mass index in men with HBP was 28.9 kg/m² vs. without 26.9 kg/m², p<0.001; women with HBP, 30.8 kg/m² vs. without 28.5 kg/m², p<0.001. Fat distribution was upper body in patients with HBP (waist/hip circumferences in men with HBP was 1.02 vs. men without HBP, 0.97, p<0.001, women with HBP, 1.0 vs. without 0.97, p<0.001). In both sexes patients with HBP showed a tendency to higher glucose and insuline values. Women with HBP exihited higher total and LDL cholesterol as well as higher triglicerides when compared to women without HBP. In 14.7 per cent of hypertensive individuals (35 subjects, 21 men and 14 women) HBP was newly diagnosed. The clinical characteristics of this group were not different than in the patients with previously diagnosed HBP. We conclude that the prevalence of HBP is significant in the Mexican population, increases with age, is associated with obesity.


Subject(s)
Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Cross-Sectional Studies , Hypertension/epidemiology , Obesity/complications , Population Characteristics , Blood Pressure/physiology
20.
Rev. invest. clín ; 45(2): 127-32, mar.-abr. 1993. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-121180

ABSTRACT

Se presentan los resultados de una investigación realizada en población abierta, urbana de nivel económico bajo de la ciudad de México. Se miden los principales lípidos sanguíneos y las siguientes variables antropométricas: peso, talla, circunferencias de cintura y cadera así como la de los pliegues subcutáneos tricipital y subescapular. La región estudiada comprende tres áreas geoestadísticas básicas con una población total de 2253 individuos entre 35 y 64 años de edad. Se procedió a entrevistar a estos sujetos en el domicilio lográmdose la encuesta domiciliaria en el 94.8 por ciento de los casos. Posteriormente se invitó a los participantes a realizarse un examen físico con toma de muestras de sangre. Para esta fase del estudio se obtuvo una tasa de respuesta global de 62.6 por ciento. El total del paciente estudiado fue 1411 de los cuales 846 fueron mujeres y 565 hombres. La distribución por grupos de edad y por sexo es la siguiente: hombres grupo 1 (33-44 años) 235 casos; grupo 2 (45-54 años) 203 casos; grupo 3 (55-64 años) 127 casos. Para las mujeres grupo 1 367; grupo 2 289; y grupo 3 190 casos. Se encontró que el índice de masa corporal promedio en las mujeres es de 28.9 kg/m* lo que demuestra una prevalencia de obesidad muy elevada, mayor en las mujeres que en los hombres. Utilizando la relación entre los pliegues subescapular/tricipital, se demostró que la distribución de la adiposidad corporal es de predominio central (mayor en el tronco que en las extremidades) tanto en hombres como mujeres. Se encontró que la adiposidad tiende a distribuirse en el segmento inferior del cuerpo en hombres y mujeres. Cuando se incrementa el peso, esta distribución tiende a revertirse predominando en el segmento superior, lo que se asocia a mayor riesgo aterogénico. Los niveles promedio (ñ DE) de colesterol total sanguíneo (en mg/dL) fueron: hombres grupo 1 200 ñ 42, grupo 2 193 ñ 38, grupo 3 189 ñ 42. Para las mujeres los valores fueron 186 ñ 44, 198 ñ 43 y 209 ñ 46 mg/dL para cada grupo de edad respectivamente. Las cifras de HDL-colesterol encontradas en los hombres fueron 30.4 mg/dL y en las mujeres 35.0 mg/dL. En cuanto a los valores de LDL-colesterol, el promedio para los hombres fue de 125 mg/dL y para las mujeres de 128 mg/dL. Las cifras promedio de VLDL-colesterol para los hombres fue de 38 mg/dL; para las mujeres de 35 mg/dL. Las cifras promedio de triglicéridos en los hombres fue de 203 mg/dL y en las mujeres de 169 mg/dL. Concluimos que en la población a


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Atherosclerosis/epidemiology , Cholesterol/metabolism , Lipids/blood , Atherosclerosis/blood , Body Weight/physiology , Cholesterol/blood , Hyperlipidemias/blood , Hyperlipidemias/physiopathology , Risk Groups , Weight by Height
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